Report on Various Funding Sources Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Various Funding Sources - Dissertation Example The company has no debt and is equally divided in terms of ownership among five private individuals. Differing debt and equity funding opportunities present their own challenges, advantages, disadvantages, and sets of relationships, with equity financing offering greater flexibility on the surface and reduced impact to cash flows, but likewise compromised by its tendency to dilute control and to be of higher cost in the long term compared to debt financing. Debt financing, especially senior debt financing, offers the advantages of low costs in terms of lower interest rates, and of giving the borrowing company complete, unadulterated control of the company's destiny. On the other hand, debt financing impacts cash flow and hinders the company from using cash flow and profits to finance other projects. This is due to the payments that are required on a regular basis to service the debt. There is an opportunity for the firm to float shares in an initial public offering on markets outside of the UK, but this has to be explored in greater depth, given how any equity infusion dilutes ownership and control. On balance, and culling the insights from real-life companies employing differing modes of financing, senior debt financing is the best option for the company (FindLaw 2013; Advani 2006; National Federation of Independent Business 2013; Nolo 2007; Berman and Knight 2009; Terjesen n.d.; Ivashina and Kovner 2008; Kokemuller 2013; Peavler 2013; SimplyFinance 2007; DCA Partners n.d.; Doidge et al. 2011; Krantz 2013; Gan and Applegate 2013). II. Sourcing Funding for the Firm A. Funding Opportunities There are various camps and schools of thought advocating either debt or equity as the preferred mode of funding that yields the most benefits to firms. On the one hand are arguments for debt being cheaper sources of funding, and being sources of funding that does not dilute the ownership stake of current shareholders. This favors the interests of the owners of this firm, who have valid concerns about loss of control tied to funding options (Berman and Knight 2009). On the other hand, there are schools of thought that tout private equity as being of greater overall benefit to firms in comparison to debt financing, for various reasons as well Arguments are tied to the cost of either source of financing, with debt requiring, in some cases, lower returns on investment in comparison to equity infusions, where investors may require of the current owners higher returns, as well as voting rights and ownership rights commensurate to their investments. The rest of this report explores the different options and their implications for the company as well as the issues of interest discussed above (FindLaw 2013; Advani 2006; National Federation of Independent Business 2013; Nolo 2007; Berman and Knight 2009; Terjesen n.d.; Ivashina and Kovner 2008; Kokemuller 2013; Peavler 2013; SimplyFinance 2007; DCA Partners n.d.). The table below details the key points to consid er relating to using either debt or equity to finance the project at this company, as well as to source on-going funds moving forward (DCA Partners n.d.): Table Source: DCA Partners n.d., p. 4 The key differences relating to the concerns of the owners of this company are with regard to level of involvement, which is higher for equity financing options, as well as costs, which is lower for debt financing, together with the role of the providers of the capital in board-level

Succession Planning Essay Example for Free

Succession Planning Essay 1. Introduction All around the globe there are two main opinions about talent management. One that states that talent can be developed by itself through the everyday work. On the other hand another school states that a talent must be discovered, nurtured, grow and retained. In the fast growing business world especially in last 2 decades many issues appeared that emphasise on taking a stand whether to follow the evolutionary theory or to follow the succession planning and management. Sometimes a company face a challenge if a key position worker disappears for any reason. For example taken by a head hunter, retirement or death. A place is vacant and to fill this place it would take maybe months. Not mention the amount of knowledge that was lost as this key employee was gone. As the competition increases in the business world there is no more loyalty, both from the company and the employee. To face those challenges big organisations must develop a plan not just to solve these situations but also to avoid them in the first place. This plan is a complicated process that requires the dedication of everyone involved.  Its success can be measured by the people that affects. (Palma, M 2009, ‘Succession Planning’, PA Times (American Society for Public Administration, March, vol.32, iss. 3, pp.10-11). This report aims to explain and both theories from different vintage points. This paper has three sections. The first is the definition of succession planning. The next is examples of the evolutionary theory. The third section is about talent development as a result of sustained efforts to prepare the leaders of tomorrow. At the end I’ll briefly discuss my conclusion and give my recommendation. 2. Why Succession planning Succession planning has been defined as: A means of identifying critical management positions, starting at the levels of project manager and supervisor and extending to the highest positions in the organisation. Succession planning also describes management positions to provide maximum flexibility in lateral management moves and to ensure that as individuals achieve greater seniority, their management skills will broaden and become more generalized in relation to total organisational objectives rather than to purely departmental objectives.( Rothwell, W. J., 2010. Effective Succession Planning. Fourth edition ed. New York: AMACOM American Management Association.) Also it is the identification and development of potential successors for key positions in an organisation, through a systematic evaluation process and training. Unlike replacement planning (which grades an individual solely on the basis of his or her past performance) succession planning is largely predictive in judging an individual for a position he or she might never have been in.( www.businessdictionary.com) It is a component of good HR planning and management. It understands that staff will not be with an organization forever and it provides a plan and process for ameliorating the situation that will occur when they leave. It must not focus on the senior positions only, but also on all the crucial key positions in all levels. Succession planning is a process of developing talent to meet the needs of the organisation now and in the future. Every time a manager makes a work assignment, he or she is preparing someone for the future because he or she  is building that workers ability. Work experience builds competence, and different kinds of work experience build different kinds of competence. (Effective succession planning, William J. Rothwell, 4th edition, p371) Organizational leaders need to think about aligning their staffing and leadership needs with the organization’s future strategic objectives. If they do not take action to establish an effective SPM program, they are likely to fall victim to the so-called like-me problem, in which people are biased to pick other people like themselves, viewing them more favourably. Given the tendency to want to â€Å"clone† job incumbents for successors, organizations must take steps to counteract that built-in bias, for the simple reason that the job incumbent of today, while perhaps perfectly suited for the business environment now, may not be suitable for the business environment of the future.( Rothwell, W. J., 2010. Effective Succession Planning. Fourth edition ed. New York: AMACOM American Management Association.) 3. The Evolutionary Process of Talent Development: Here are some examples of real life companies using the evolutionary process: 3.1 Mohamed Ibrahim Optics This company was established in 1972 and the owner Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim at this time about 35 years old. By 1999 there were more than 25 branches around Egypt. After more than 40 years it’s the time for him to retire because health issues. He has 3 sons and because he was always managing the process he is assuming that one of his sons would be his successor in the business, but neither had he identified which of them would be the best successor, nor he tried to develop them. The emotional factor and the notion that he was going to stay at home and would not be the C-executive terrifying Mr. Ibrahim. Now one of his sons who is not interested in the business is running the operation and the employees are not happy with the new manager which affected their performance. 3.2 Rizkallah appliances This is an example about a CEO’s maneuvering to delay the succession process. After 2 decades of running Rizkallah for electronics, the time has come for Mr. Essam to start planning for retirement. The board was confident that Mr. Essam was the best one for the position. He has the experience and the knowledge. Putting his retirement plans in one hand and the strategy he want  to follow in the other hand made him procrastinate the succession process. He became hypercritical of all potential candidates. Also compare his performance with the performance of the new candidate. For Mr. Essam he was losing his job. The key to successful succession planning is to stop viewing it as a zero-sum game with one winner and one loser. It should be regarded as a natural progression in the health of an organization. (Baldoni, J 2008, ‘Making a Success of Succession Planning’, CIO Insight) 3.3 Masr for insurance This is about a CEO who would not leave his position due to economic factors. The recession in Egypt make Mustafa think twice about leaving his position. Also the recession made it very difficult to start a systematic succession planning in the organisation. Pulling off a CEO transition is never easy, especially during a recession. (The art of succession, By: Boyle, Matt, BusinessWeek, 5/11/2009, Issue 4130) In his mind he thought that he must be the only decision making person. Holding all the keys for making a decision in his hands. Regardless he was about 59 years old he never thought of choosing a successor or investing in a succession plan. During the revolution Egypt in 2011 he was exposed to the gases and because of his age and medical condition he could not tolerate the gas and he suffocated to death. More than 6 months passed by and his position was still vacant and no one dare to fill his place. Those 6 months were very tough and the firm missed lots of opportunities as in this period many companies changed their policies to coop with the different situation. 4. Succession planning and management Argument: From the previous examples we understand that succession planning is needed in any big company. SPM program is needed so the organisational leaders align their staffing and leadership needs with the organisation’s future strategic objectives. Another reason why SPM program is needed: More and more organisations are experiencing the effects of aging workforces that are putting them at risk of losing their most experienced workers to retirement. Also terrorism increases the need for SPM program to ensure that key workers have back up in case they are needed. (Effective succession planning, William J. Rothwell, 4th edition) I Use everything that happens as  a learning experience to prepare my staff to stretch in the future. Everyone takes experiences at a different level; they dont all derive the same kinds of lessons from those experiences. What I try to do on a daily basis is turn everything into a leadership learning session. (Chief learning officer magazine, The CLO Succession Plan, March 2008 issue) According to Peter F. Drucker: â€Å"The question of tomorrow’s management is, above all, a concern of our society. Let me put it bluntly-we have reached a point where we simply will not tolerate as a country, as a society, as a government, the danger that any one of our major companies will decline or collapse because it has not made adequate provisions for management succession.† (Harper W.Moulton and Arthur A. Fickel, Executive Development: Preparing For the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 29. â€Å"Every enterprise is a learning and teaching institution. Training and development must be built into it on all levels—training and development never stop.à ¢â‚¬  – Peter F. Drucker 5. Talent development is a result of a sustained effort to prepare leaders of tomorrow Another good example from a friend of mine who was working as human resource manager in Prizma Securities Company. 5.1 Prizma Securities In the company they were using a 6 key steps model which used in many large organisations worldwide. They were using market-driven approach to integrate strategic plans with succession plans where necessary talents are required to deal with competitive pressure. 1. Formulating a mission statement: It describes the purpose of a program or the reason for its existence. 2. Identify key areas and positions: Gap analysis may identify key areas. Also Review key positions periodically because they may change over time, depending on changes in Government direction and the introduction of new technology. 3.Identify competency for key areas and positions: Employees who believe they are growing and developing professionally, learning new skills and gaining experience are more productive, have higher morale, and are more loyal than employees at organizations that dont emphasize talent development and knowledge management (Moskal, Planning for Succession, Baseline, October2008, iss. 89,  pp. 12 -14.) This was achieved by assessing knowledge, skills and abilities or competency profile. 4. Find interested employees and —assess them against capabilities: Using Talent review meetings 5.Develop and implement succession and knowledge transfer plans: Using stretch assignments, acting assignments, formal training, mentoring and coaching and Job rotations those procedures would help in transferring of knowledge and not remain with certain people. Effective succession planning and talent retention nurtures those employees responsible for the organizations future vision, strategy and success. It assures a sequence of qualified, promotable people as the boomers move on. (Moskal, Planning for Succession, Baseline, October2008, iss. 89, pp. 12-14.) 6. Evaluate effectiveness Evaluation was based on the Donald Kirkpatrick pattern which examines four levels: customer satisfaction, program progress, effective placement and organisational results. Also the programmatic evaluation which examine the process against its stated mission, objectives, and activities. 5.2 Adel Elkholy for shipping: Adel Elkholy Company is one of the largest companies in Egypt. The total number of workers is about 800 employees. In a meeting with HR manager personally he explained briefly the program for succession he is implementing. The purpose of the program: This step to clarify why the company undergoing this program. So the whole departments could be involved and participate. The measurable objectives of the program: result must be measurable so they can measure the success of the program. Design a Competency model: A competency model was established to link the organisation core competencies to job competencies. A present competencies identification for success: in this step 2 categories are identified the exemplars and the fully successful performers. The way those competencies are measured: using high technological software. The competencies needed for success in the future: A scenario planning is conducted to discover the  competencies needed in the future. The way the organization assesses potential: using empowered individual potential assessment. Classify individuals by performance and potential: Using the performance/potential 9 grids Narrowing gaps: Preparing and evaluating individual development plans and activities. Evaluating results: It’s carried out by external consultant. Then the results are presented to the owner of the company. 6. Conclusion Although about one half of the companies do not have a succession plan as stated in Business Week: Last year, the National Association of Corporate Directors found that 42.4% of companies had no succession plan at all. The economic crisis has exacerbated this problem as resources have diminished. (The Art of Succession. by: Boyle, Matt, BusinessWeek, 5/11/2009, Issue 4130). But this does not mean that succession planning is not important for the survival of the organisation; moreover its importance is increasing year after year. Most of the organisations knew its importance even if they do not apply the plan. In my opinion, the previous examples show the importance of having a systematic succession planning and management program. That helps placing the right person in the right place at the right time. Having successors is not an easy job, if the SP Management Program is not aligned with the business strategies HR strategies; all stockholders are involved, top management giving full support and the use of proper approaches and tools. It became also mandatory than ever for organisations to plan for future leadership and development of all workers at all levels. At the same time, all the activities in the market became more and more complex. Many functions now require extensive skills and knowledge. 7. Recommendations For all the previous reasons mentioned in my report supported with real life cases, I strongly recommend leaders to understand that its critical to strengthen their talent pool through succession planning, professional development, job rotation and workforce planning. They need to identify potential talent and groom it. So, they must take proactive steps to plan for talent needs at all levels and implement programs designed to ensure that the right people are available for the right jobs in the right places and at the right time. References 1. (A 2009 tune up your firm’s succession planning. Dominic Cingoranelli. Journal of accounting march 2009). 2. (Palma, M 2009, ‘Succession Planning’, PA Times (American Society for Public Administration, March, vol.32, iss. 3, pp.10-11) 3. Rothwell, W. J., 2010. Effective Succession Planning. Fourth edition ed. New York: AMACOM American Management Association. 4. ( www.businessdictionary.com) 5. (Baldoni, J 2008, ‘Making a Success of Succession Planning’, CIO Insight) 6. (The art of succession, By: Boyle, Matt, BusinessWeek, 5/11/2009, Issue 4130) 7. (Chief learning officer magazine, The CLO Succession Plan, March 2008 issue) 8. (Moskal, Planning for Succession, Baseline, October2008, iss. 89, pp. 12-14.) 9. Harper W.Moulton and Arthur A. Fickel, Executive Development: Preparing For the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 29.

Essay --

Method Sabri Can ERDOÄžAN, Yalà §Ã„ ±n ARI, Yunus Emre ÇALIK This study will be conducted in quantitative method. We will collect data from two different tests to determine the correlation between two different variables. Therefore, "Correlational Design† is most appropriate design for our study. Sampling type of this study is Cluster sampling because it provides us to save travelling time and consequent reduction in cost. In this perspective, our participants are university students in Istanbul. We will list all universities in Istanbul and randomly select 3 state universities. Ethnicity, religious, social status and race varieties of the students in state universities pushed us to select participants from state universities. We will use 50 participants from each university and total number of participants will be 150 university students. Those 50 students will be selected conveniently. We will try to find out correlation between religiosity and acceptance of evolution theory. Since we have two different variables, we will use different instrument for each. These instruments consis...

Mrs.Fields Cookie Case

Zann Johnson Mrs. Fields’ Cookies Case 1. Would you describe Mrs. Fields’ Cookies as more of a functional hierarchy structured along traditional functional lines or more of an IT-enabled network consisting of tailored business processes? I believe that Mrs. Fields’ Cookies started out as traditional, but evolved into an IT-enabled networked that consisted of tailored business processes. Randy definitely had a vision for the company and made sure that what we desired came to life. It also allowed Debbie to maintain a closeness to her stores by being aware of what was going on at each location and having contact with the managers.Therefore, she could feel as if she was there, even when she wasn’t. 2. What role does IT play in the Mrs. Fields’ organizational structure? IT plays a major role in Mrs. Field’s organizational structure. IT allowed the DSM to not only have a closeness with the owner, but it allowed the company to function under a corp orate standard. They can send/receive electronic mail, given a daily schedule (day planner), schedule labor, offer skills tests to employees for raises, assist with interviewing process, have a time clock 3. What challenges does Mrs. Fields Cookies face in the next five years?The next 5 years challenges would be the need for more speed and the internet. New servers would be needed to meet the demand for faster uploading and downloading times. A better backup system and robust security to prevent hacking and viruses should also be considered. A website will be needed to let everyone know of all locations and what items are sold at all locations. This site can also alert customers of specials sale items. How well positioned is the company to meet these challenges? This company is well positioned to meet these challenges.This company already has a mindset to constantly improve using MIS,. They are well aware that their technological advances contributed to growth and better decision-ma king. They next thing would be implementation, which Randy has a drive to see through. The company is already networked. The servers and personal computers at the stores need to be upgraded with faster processors and better operating systems. The company have programmers that could either create upgraded applications and the website or lead in deciding a third-party in creating them. . What advice would you have given Debbi and Randy Fields in 1988? I would’ve advised them to franchise but with very strict rules and controlled rules and guidelines for their franchisees. I would also advise them to seek more acquisitions to expand their portfolio. I would also have advised them to research their competition and seek any ways to stay a step ahead. Also, they should have contingency plans in place for potential emergency situations and potential recessions.

Evaluate a Range of Ways to Embed Elements of Functional Skills in Your Specialist Area.

Evaluate a range of ways to embed elements of Functional Skills in your specialist area. Functional skills are new qualifications developed to allow people to conduct themselves in a confident and independent manner in life. They are practical skills in literacy, numeracy and information communication technology that provide essential knowledge and understanding. The language courses – in my case Italian – are aimed at widening the knowledge of different people cultures and their ways of expression within community groups and as such embedding functional skills helps to develop intelligence, attitude and behavior in each individual. These skills allow individuals to make a positive contribution to the community in which they live and work by laying the foundations for development in any further education or training. The language courses incorporate literacy skills through the introduction of the grammar. The learners need to understand grammar well enough to pick out the right words when they are required to do a translation. According to my experience it is a very proficient exercise to pick an article from a magazine or a newspaper and ask each learner to read it out loud and have it translated into the target language. In this way the principles of knowledge, comprehension and application are put into practice. Another useful exercise can be done by asking the learner to change the verbs in the article from simple present to simple past or to future tense and have them translated into the target language. The language courses also embed some mathematical concepts. An example could be by teaching numbers with dice and make the learners say the sums once the dice are thrown or write on the whiteboard some arithmetical expressions including addition, subtraction, division, multiplication (e. g. 0 + 2 : 6 x 5 ) and ask the learner to make the calculation. Learners are expected to do some homework on the subjects taught and discussed in class. The homework form containing questions, quizzes, and sentences with gaps to be filled is emailed to each of them. This will be completed in computerised format and in this way the functional skill of information and communication technology is incorporated. Anothe r way to embed ICT skills in the session is encouraging the learner to do a research using the internet about a cultural event or a geographic area of the country of interest. Things that could develop my skills in embedding Functional Skills in my teaching are the use of some websites – such as BBC Languages and Linguascope in my case – which could provide some new learning activities that can be introduced in class; use of DVDs to record some TV programs like news, cultural events and documentaries in the target language which could provide new subjects for communicaton and listening in class ; set activities that require students to check for their own and each other’s learning errors and check for these myself . This can be fulfilled with active learning methods and enjoyable tasks like cards, role play, dice that create more participation , concentration and more cognitive engagement. Functional Skills – an Introduction to Functional Skills – 20 August 2008 (online) http://www. qca. org. uk/qca_6062. aspx G. Petty (2004) Teaching today. Nelson Thornes Ltd, Cheltenham

The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Essay Example

The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Essay Example The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Paper The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Paper Essay Topic: 6th Grade 8th Grade Love in Excess Alice Sebold was born September 6, 1963, in Madison, Wisconsin, ( 4 ) . She was born to an alcoholic, demented female parent, Jane, who was a journalist, and a male parent who was Spanish professor. She was their 2nd kid, and had an older sister, Mary. Her household moved around a twosome of times because of her pa s occupation and publicities: from Madison, Wisconsin to Rockville, Maryland, and so from at that place to Paoli, Pennsylvania. Sebold was a good pupil, but her older sister was the smarter, straight A pupil. Sebold was a originative individual and loved authorship, among other things. She described herself as, excessively smart, excessively fat, excessively loud, excessively arty, ( 4 ) . She frequently argued with her parents, and was the jokester of the household. She was proud to state, I wanted to be the idiot of the household, because idiots seemed to hold more merriment, more freedom and more personality ( 4 ) . Bing the idiot was her manner to get by life in th e tense family. Sebold was an alienated, anomic 2nd kid. At a immature age, she suffered through many adversities. When her female parent began to imbibe, and became an alky, her sister, Mary, took attention of her. After a clip, Mary began to be embarrassed of her female parent, and did non desire to be seen with her. Subsequently, she stopped taking attention of her, go forthing Sebold to take attention of her herself, and to maintain everything together. Sebold was the one to compensate- comforting her female parent and reprobating her sister ( Glaug, 1 ) . After graduating from Great Valley High School in Malvern, Pennsylvania in 1980, Sebold attended Syracuse University in upstate New York, ( 1 ) . During her first-year twelvemonth in college, at age 18, she was harshly beaten and raped in a hallway that led to a now shut down amphitheater. She so found the adult male subsequently on, and went to tribunal where he was found guilty and given a maximal sentence. Surprisingly, she still decided to go to the same university after the incident, determined to compose out her sorrows and acquire her grade. Sebold struggled in many ways with the colza and the deficiency of support from her parents. She so dropped out and after many events, including working as a waitress and making drugs, such as diacetylmorphine, she decided to compose her first book. Her first book, a novel called Lucky, was a memoir to her colza as a college fresher. It was called so because a bull told her that she was lucky to hold been able to walk out alive, as a piece earlier, a miss had been killed and dismembered in that same tunnel. Sebold so moved to California and attended a university at that place to go on prosecuting her composing calling. There, she met her hubby, the novelist Glen David Gold. Now a successful author herself, Sebold presently lives in California with her hubby. Sebold became really successful after her 2nd book. Her first book, Lucky, was a memoir of her colza. Her 2nd book was what hit the top charts. At first called Monsters, this novel was about a 14 twelvemonth old miss named Susie Salmon who is raped, killed, and so dismembered by her neighbour, Mr. Harvey. The narrative is told from her point of position in Eden, and goes through the events that happen after her decease. Subsequently on, the name was changed, and was published as The Lovely Bones. She besides wrote another book, The Almost Moon. Her books were influence by colza and the force she sees in the universe. The 2nd book is besides influenced by her battles with her female parent. Sebold won the American Booksellers Association Book of the Year Award for Adult Fiction in 2003, ( 1 ) . In add-on, she achieved the Bram Stoker Award for First Novel in 2002. Sebold was nominated in the Novel class in 2002 as good. The Lovely Bones besides became a # 1 National Bestseller. Susie Salmon, a 14 twelvemonth old miss, was murdered on December 6, 1973. Susie, a immature funny miss, was walking place through the corn field one dark when she ran into her older neighbour, Mr. Harvey. He leads her into a manmade room under the Earth in the corn field, and at that place he rapes, putting to deaths, and dismembers her. Susie goes to heaven, where Eden is whatever you want and tantrums to your demands and personality. However, she still yearns for her lost life, and is still attached to life on Earth. As a consequence, Susie goes through her hereafter in her Eden and tickers over her household. She besides learns how the intelligence of her decease spreads and affects her household, those who were near to her, and others around them. As she watches her household header with her decease in different ways, she besides looks into Mr. Harvey s yesteryear, meets some of his other dead victims, and keeps some checks on him. She watches as her household goes through life through the old ages to come, and besides tickers over Ruth, a friend of hers, and Ray, a male child that she had truly liked. Lindsey copes with her sister s decease, and over the old ages, has a fellow named Samuel, who she finally marries in the terminal. Her small brother does non understand things every bit good, and at first, is angry at her for deceasing and go forthing him at that place with Lindsey to cover with the jobs. However, as he grows older, he learns to accept her decease. Her male parent has a harder clip, with the guilt of non being at that place for her pressed on his shoulders. All he sees is Susie and he can hardly populate with himself. He starts to turn further apart from his married woman. He besides, subsequently on, grows clo ser to his other two kids, going really protective. Her female parent likely took Susie s decease the hardest. It knocked her down difficult and made her lose her stableness and saneness. She grew further apart from her hubby and her other kids. She besides commits criminal conversation with the investigator in charge of Susie s instance. Later on, she leaves her household and travels across the state, seeking to get away it all. Ray and Ruth become closer, and Ruth subsequently discovers that she can pass on or see the dead. She subsequently lets Susie into her organic structure and Susie and Ray, via Ruth s organic structure, reunite and do love. After her clip is up, she is taken to Heaven. She is eventually able to allow travel of her connexion to the Earth and her decease. In the terminal, her household became even closer, including her lone life grandma, who was normally excluded. Her female parent comes back every bit good, and everyone, including Ruth and Ray, understand that Susie is genuinely gone and eventually accept her decease. This shows that because Susie was eventually able to break up her connexion to the Earth and accept her decease, she could go forth her Eden to travel to Heaven. Her concluding credence of her decease is what allows her household, friends, and others to eventually allow her travel, retrieve her in memory, and to travel on. This book was banned due to holding expressed stuff. The book opens up with a 14 twelvemonth old miss who gets raped, murdered, and so dismembered. Though this book deals with hope and healing, it is on a deeper degree, ( 5 ) . Younger kids, like fifth and 6th graders, may non hold reached the adulthood degree needed to read and understand this novel. Young grownups and high school teens, for illustration, will understand it better. Some parents are oppugning whether or non it should be available in in-between school libraries, and other schools have either banned it or moved it into a restricted country for staff members. Parents are worried about how their immature teens will grok the book, and if it will do them depressed, scared, or even scarred. For illustration, a parent of a sixth-grade miss at Coleytown Middle School wanted the book removed from the school library because she believed that the novel was, right for an grownup audience, but was non appropriate for a 6th grader ( 3 ) . In add-on, many believe that The Lovely Bones inquiries some facets of faith. For illustration, they believe that the writer s thought of Eden has no God or judgement for those come ining it, ( 5 ) . This raised many inquiries and negative responses to the book, which the writer so replied by stating that that was her manner of seeing things and that everyone interprets things otherwise. The book was besides banned due to maturate subjects, criminal conversation, decease, linguistic communication, and other expressed scenes. I knew he was traveling to kill me. I did non recognize so that I was an carnal already deceasing. Why do nt you acquire up? Mr. Harvey sad as he rolled to the side and so crouched over me. His voice was soft, encouraging, a lover s voice on a late forenoon. A suggestion, non a bid. I could non travel. I could non acquire up. When I would non was it merely that, merely that I would non follow his suggestion? he leaned to the side and felt, over his caput, across the shelf where his razor and shaving pick sat. He brought back a knife. Unsheathed, it smiled at me, swerving up in a smile. He took the chapeau from my oral cavity. State me you love me, he said. Gently, I did. The terminal came anyhow. The Lovely Bones, pgs. 14-15 While Len took her manus and brought her away from the wall into the tangle of pipes where the nose operating expense added its ain chorus, Mr. Harvey began to pack his properties ; my brother met a little miss playing Hula- Hoop n the circle ; my sister and Samuel lay beside each other on her bed, to the full dressed and nervous ; my grandma downed three shootings in the empty dining room. My male parent watched the phoneaˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ Mr. Harvey left his house for the concluding clip while my female parent was granted her most temporal want. To happen a room access out of her destroyed bosom, in merciful criminal conversation. The Lovely Bones, pgs. 196-197 The Lovely Bones is a good book that shows you a whole new manner to look at life that truly is nt just sometimes. However, it is besides a book of hope and healing and shows how a household is lacerate apart and later brought together once more. This novel is deep and better understood by an grownup or older audience. I understand why it was banned and agree with it. It has many expressed scenes, like the colza, slaying, and dismembering of Susie Salmon, every bit good as her household having the bosom wretching intelligence of her disappearing, and, subsequently on, her decease. The criminal conversation committed by her female parent, the mental instability of her male parent after her decease, and the departure of her female parent may besides non be good understood by a younger audience. This includes some linguistic communication and the sex scenes between Lindsey and Samuel and Susie and Ray, via Ruth s organic structure. Some scenes are a small spot distressing, and others are dejecting, which is why it is non good for younger readers. However, I believe that The Lovely Bones was a good, and deep novel, and Teachs us all many different lessons. I do non believe it should be banned. Alternatively, it should be marked for an older audience so that readers are cognizant of the mature content it contains. In this manner, people may bask this novel and cognize whether or non it is appropriate for their age degree. For illustration, some people believe that 7th and 8th graders should non be allowed to read The Lovely Bones because of its mature content and deep significances. However, some of these younger readers are mature plenty to understand what is go oning in the book. Though it may be good to censor it from certain schools, others should be able to get and bask this novel.

How far does Source I prove that the policeman in Source J is telling the truth Essay Example

How far does Source I prove that the policeman in Source J is telling the truth Essay Example How far does Source I prove that the policeman in Source J is telling the truth Essay How far does Source I prove that the policeman in Source J is telling the truth Essay Essay Topic: History Source I is a cartoon image from the time of Prohibition. It is illustrating the artists opinion, which is that America (Chicago) was corrupt. The hand gestures from different people including a clerk, a city official, a magistrate, a politician, a policeman, and a Prohibition agent are to show that many different levels of Americas people were relying on gangster payroles. Source J quotes a policeman who is also talking about Americas corruption, when he says that his superior officers were also, as well as himself, involved in the acceptance of bribes. One of the people shown to be ready to accept bribes in Source I is a policeman, and Source J is a policeman who talks about accepting bribes. In this way, Source I is agreeing with Source J; but this is not proof that the policeman in Source J is telling the truth as it is a matter of opinion and not fact. It is important to note the fact that the policeman in Source J is obviously not the most reliable of people, as he is in the wrong, according to what he says, and so he is likely to be lying in order to defend himself. Source A can be used to back up the idea that the police were reluctant to enforce Prohibition to their full ability: No earlier law produced such widespread crime. If the police had been enforcing Prohibition properly (and perhaps not choosing to ignore some drinkers as they sympathised with them, as undoubtedly some of the police drank alcohol themselves), then there wouldnt have been such a crime problem. Source I is likely to be strongly exaggerated as it is propaganda which sends out the message that everyone was corrupt. It was very unlikely that everyone was corrupt. However, it must contain elements of truth, otherwise people wouldnt have been able to relate to it. Source I is titled The National Gesture, which means that everybody was accepting bribes, but this was not necessarily true. The level of corruption is shown to be very strong, and the message is that Prohibition was failing. Source B is in agreement with this, where is says there were more than 30, 000 speakeasies in New York. Speakeasies were illegal places to drink, and so this is agreeing with Source Is message that Prohibition was failing. One way in which Source I is in disagreement with Source J is that Source I shows the policeman to be ready and waiting for a bribe to come along, whereas the policeman in Source J is saying that although he was given a bribe, he didnt ask for it and it was forced on him. However, this could be interpreted differently. The policeman in Source J may well be lying, and he may have really accepted the bribe and not been forced into having it. If so, then Source I could actually be backing this up and saying that the police accepted bribes, but only behind their backs in secret because they dont want anybody to know if this is true, like the policeman in Source J. In conclusion, Source I can only agree with Source J, it cannot actually prove that the policeman is telling the truth as it is only a cartoon and does not give proof of anything it is not statistics, photographic evidence or a witness account. It is also a fact that one source can never actually prove another to be true.

How Eli Whitney Invented the Cottin Gin

How Eli Whitney Invented the Cottin Gin Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in the mass production of cotton. Whitney was born in Westboro, Massachusetts on December 8, 1765, and died on January 8, 1825. He graduated from Yale College in 1792. By April 1793, Whitney had designed and constructed the cotton gin, a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. Advantages of Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States. Prior to his invention, farming cotton required hundreds of man-hours to separate the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers. Simple seed-removing devices have been around for centuries, however, Eli Whitneys invention automated the seed separation process. His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton daily, making cotton production profitable for the southern states. Eli Whitney Business Woes Eli Whitney failed to profit from his invention because limitations of his machine appeared and his 1794 patent for the cotton gin could not be upheld in court until 1807. Whitney could not stop others from copying and selling his cotton gin design. Eli Whitney and his business partner Phineas Miller had decided to get into the ginning business themselves. They manufactured as many cotton gins as possible and installed them throughout Georgia and the southern states. They charged farmers an unusual fee for doing the ginning for them, two-fifths of the profits paid in cotton itself. Copies of the Cotton Gin And here, all their troubles began. Farmers throughout Georgia resented having to go to Eli Whitneys cotton gins where they had to pay what they regarded as an exorbitant tax. Instead planters began making their own versions of Eli Whitneys gin and claiming they were new inventions. Phineas Miller brought costly suits against the owners of these pirated versions but because of a loophole in the wording of the 1793 patent act, they were unable to win any suits until 1800, when the law was changed. Struggling to make a profit and mired in legal battles, the partners finally agreed to license gins at a reasonable price. In 1802, South Carolina agreed to purchase Eli Whitneys patent right for $50,000 but delayed in paying it. The partners also arranged to sell the patent rights to North Carolina and Tennessee. By the time even the Georgia courts recognized the wrongs done to Eli Whitney, only one year of his patent remained. In 1808 and again in 1812 he humbly petitioned Congress for a renewal of his patent. Eli Whitney - Other inventions In 1798, Eli Whitney invented a way to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. Ironically, it was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. The cotton gin is a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Simple devices for that purpose have been around for centuries, an East Indian machine called a charka was used to separate the seeds from the lint when the fiber was pulled through a set of rollers. The charka was designed to work with long-staple cotton, but American cotton is a short-staple cotton. The cottonseed in Colonial America was removed by hand, usually the work of slaves. Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin Eli Whitneys machine was the first to clean short-staple cotton. His cotton engine consisted of spiked teeth mounted on a boxed revolving cylinder which, when turned by a crank, pulled the cotton fiber through small slotted openings so as to separate the seeds from the lint a rotating brush, operated via a belt and pulleys, removed the fibrous lint from the projecting spikes. The gins later became horse-drawn and water-powered gins and cotton production increased, along with lowered costs. Cotton soon became the number one selling textile. Demand For Cotton Grows After the invention of the cotton gin, the yield of raw cotton doubled each decade after 1800. Demand was fueled by other inventions of the Industrial Revolution, such as the machines to spin and weave it and the steamboat to transport it. By mid-century America was growing three-quarters of the worlds supply of cotton, most of it shipped to England or New England where it was manufactured into cloth. During this time tobacco fell in value, rice exports at best stayed steady, and sugar began to thrive, but only in Louisiana. At mid-century the South provided three-fifths of Americas exports, most of it in cotton. Modern Cotton Gins More recently devices for removing trash, drying, moisturizing, fractioning fiber, sorting, cleaning, and baling in 218-kg (480-lb) bundles have been added to modern cotton gins. Using electric power and air-blast or suction techniques, highly automated gins can produce 14 metric tons (15 U.S. tons) of cleaned cotton an hour.

Relationship between Academia and Practice Essay

Relationship between Academia and Practice - Essay Example In a clear scenario, it is supposed that a person needs academic training in Medicine to be a doctor; whereas another person needs training in Education to be a teacher. However though, the issue of whether or not people explicitly apply the knowledge they acquire in school to their occupation is a debate that will continue for good. The same phenomenon exists with the conduct of research. A lot of people argue that a person does not need personal experience or academic knowhow to conduct research in a particular area of operation. To others though, without personal experience and academic qualification, it is not possible to undertake a research in a said area of practice. This essay seeks to examine these two points of view. Do you have to have personal experience of a specific area of practice in order to be able to conduct research into it? According to the Cambridge Dictionaries Online (2003), a research is â€Å"a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (n ew) information or reach a (new) understanding.† From this definition, it can be established that research is conducted purposely to come out with or identify new area of knowledge. To this effect, it can be said that there would not be the need for a research if the researcher embarking the research is sure of what the result of the research would be. This therefore makes it logically right to argue that research is in itself an act of learning as learning also concerns itself with the acquisition of new ideas (Boateng, 2001). For this reason, it is possible to conduct research in a specific area of practice even in the absence of personal experience. This is because we all start learning specific concepts without any person experiences in the said concept. However though, the need to have some level of personal experience in the area of research only gives the researcher additional benefits though it does not serve as prerequisite condition to enable one undertake a research in a particular area. With personal experience and having learnt about a specific area of practice, the researcher is put in a position to easily understand occurrences in the field of research. Personal experience in the conduct of research also makes the handling, analysis and use of data collected very easy, meaningful and useful. Do you have to fully understand the theory of research in order to conduct research in a business environment? It has been said earlier that research is in itself an act of learning and so as we all start learning without any foreknowledge of the concepts to be taught but we most of the time end up excelling in the courses we started learning about. However, there can be a school of thought that would argue that one also needs to know how to learn because successful learning can take place. Going by the latter argument, it can be said that if one does not have total understanding of the theory of research, conducting research in the business environmen t would be a fiasco especially as the business environment has been identified to be very volatile. It must be noted that business research involves a lot of technical calculations and manipulation of figures, which require only people with background. As noted by Jenlink (2009), â€Å"There is a blurring of boundaries in the knowledge-practice and inquiry-practice relationships that define both the learning to lead and the practice of leading in the educational setting.† Therefore, the absence of a full understanding of the theory of research (as an academia) would make research in the business environment (as practice) extremely challenging. Does research that is designed by practitioners, with little or no influence of academic theory incorporated, of any value in assisting practitioners

The Portrayal of Brazil In The U.S. News Media Thesis

The Portrayal of Brazil In The U.S. News Media - Thesis Example This sresearch study will focus on the leading print news media in the United States - The New York Times and Washington Post. This is a valuable topic as it attracts the foreign affairs, policies and global issues between the United States and Brazil in the international platform. This is the main reason for choosing this subject matter as a research topic.From the report it is clear that  Brazil has seen two consecutive two-term Presidents: Fernando Henrique Cardoso and his successor Luis Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva. These two administrations were paramount in strengthening the Brazilian economy and in bringing about a consolidation of a strong democracy. They impacted the way this â€Å"BRIC country†   is perceived everywhere in the world, and especially in the U.S.  In recent news publication, BBC has quoted that Brazil is the biggest democratic country and economic giant and is South America’s most significant country. The mutual knowledge between U.S. and Brazil is increasingly important, given Brazil’s recent insertion into the international system and the fact that Brazil is a more active international player than most other countries of its economic stature.  In the Post-Cold War period, Brazil has begun to think of itself, and to some extent to behave, as a regional and global power. The U.S. is beginning to take account of the fact that for the first time another country in the American continent has serious aspirations to become both a regional power – in South America, perhaps even in Latin America, a region in which the United States has been the undisputed leader for more than a century –as well as a global power.... Role of Brazil in the World’s Economy Brazil has seen two consecutive two-term Presidents: Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995 to 2002) and his successor Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (2003 to 2010). These two administrations were paramount in strengthening the Brazilian economy and in bringing about a consolidation of a strong democracy. They impacted the way this â€Å"BRIC country† (grouping acronym that refers to the related economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, coined by Goldman Sachs in 2003) is perceived everywhere in the world, and especially in the U.S. Little is known about how the US news media portrays Brazil’s image (Sotero, 2007, p. 1). There is a lack of research and analysis on how both countries perceive and portray each other. For instance, as stated by Sotero (2007) in one of his studies, â€Å"historically, the United States has been disproportionately more relevant for Brazil than Brazil has been for the United States† (-p. 3). This a symmetry of interests, true for most countries in the world vis-a-vis the United States, lead one to conclude that U.S. scholars and intellectuals have not followed Brazil’s growth over the last two decades. In recent news publication, BBC has quoted that Brazil is the biggest democratic country and economic giant and is South America’s most significant country (BBC, 2010). The mutual knowledge between U.S. and Brazil is increasingly important, given Brazil’s recent insertion into the international system and the fact that Brazil is a more active international player than most other countries of its economic stature. According to Brazilianist Andrew Hurrell, beginning with Fernando Henrique Cardoso and quickening with Luis Inacio Lula da Silva, the perception has grown that Brazil has finally assumed its

Radiation safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radiation safety - Essay Example For this reason, the Australian government has developed, implemented and enforced certain laws and regulations that guide behavior during the performance of duties. The medical field has particularly been given preference because procedural implications have a direct influence on the life of the patient. This paper evaluates the ‘RADIATION SAFETY ACT OF 1975-1999’. Specifically, it details the aspect of patient safety and measures that have been undertaken to ensure that this is upheld at all times. Undoubtedly, the Act has a very strong relationship with the medical imaging field and therefore influences related mannerisms and decisions. RADIATION SAFETY ACT 1975-1999 The Act addresses different issues related to the field of radiology in general concepts without placing particular emphasis on a specific field. It has five different parts that are further subdivided into various sections. Perhaps the most interesting faction pertains to part III named ‘RADIATION SAFETY GENERAL REGULATIONS’. In particular, section 19A addresses issues pertaining to abnormal or unplanned radiation exposure. In this respect, the Act acknowledges that patients, medical practitioners and visitors are all vulnerable to the exposure of radioactivity (UN 2000, p. 68). Besides detailing various forms through which the unplanned exposure occurs, the Act underscores that measures that need to be undertaken to protect the patients from the effects of the dangerous radiation. In their comprehensive review, Strom and Watson (2002, P. 375) indicate that during the radio therapeutic procedure, the lowest dose should be given to the patient. In this respect, it should be acknowledged that there are different doses that are received by the patient during the procedure. In particular, there are doses directed at the affected organ and there are other doses that reach the organs adjacent to this particular organ. Arguably, the organ that requires medical attention needs to receive the sufficient dose for optimal outcomes (Radiation protection in Nuclear Medicare, 2008). Thus if the radiation to that particular tissue is insufficient, the level of effectiveness of the procedure would be reduced significantly. On the other hand, measures need to be undertaken to ensure that doses reaching other issues are minimal. Also worth acknowledging for their contribution to patient safety during the procedure are the operational and design consideration. In his informative research, Bossuyt (2003, p. 8) asserts that the entire system and equipment need to be well positioned to ensure that the doses produced are sufficient, relevant and effective. For this reason, it is imperatively important to ensure that the equipment is in good condition to prevent incidences of leakages as well as accidental overdoses. In essence, the design as well as usage of the relative equipment needs to aim at preventing maladministration of the particular radiation doses because th e cases have serious consequences (European Commission, 1998, p. 71). Another measure that has contributed significantly to the protection of patients entails the calibration of the particular radiotherapy equipment employed during the procedure (Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy, 2008). In this regard, calibration as well as testing of the performance of the equipment needs

MGM Inovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

MGM Inovation - Essay Example The Linus Pauling quote â€Å"the best way to have good ideas is to have lots of ideas – and then throw away the bad ones† magnetized the attention of the group members. In addition, the group was mesmerized by another quote. The quote shows that everyone should never doubt that any group of truly committed members can instill significant and meaningful changes in our complex world. The group focused the wonders of the internet’s role in the complex world. The historical discussion of the internet showed that the borders among the different nations of the world were removed. The group accepted the fact that the mediocre person cannot live without accessing the internet. Initially seen as a ridiculous idea, the internet tinkering blossomed into its current metamorphosed necessity status, one of the greatest events of global history. Bettina Stamm (Stamm 1) insists that management innovation fuels success and profits, specifically product and process innovation. Creativity and implementation are the two necessary components of management innovation. Further, the group members focused on the topic How to wisely use my time? Consequently, t he 11 step process was crafted. The process started with the first step, organize you. The process included other procedures like planning activities, avoiding distractions, being prepared for unexpected situations, and letting others help you. The other procedures included setting timers, learning from your mistakes and trying to follow a daily routine. In terms of results, the researcher visited a local sushi place. The sushi place only had a handful of clients. Literally the researcher saw only one customer in the place. The customer was taking his time enjoying his sushi meal. The customer only conversed when he ordered a drink and when he paid the check. The researcher opines that the customer regularly patronizes the sushi place. Next, the

SABMIller's Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SABMIller's - Case Study Example Some of these tools are explained in detail in the appendix given below. In view of the above assertion, it is significant to carry out a SWOT analysis of the above mentioned brewery in an attempt to establish if there is any correlation between its strategic position with its business strategy. â€Å"A SWOT analysis is a useful instrument for helping managers to identify internal strengths and weaknesses of a business and external opportunities and threats facing it,† (Strydom J. p 31). Basically, SWOT stands for strengths (S), weaknesses (W) while on the other hand the external environmental factors are regarded as either opportunities (O) or threats (T). This analysis is very important to managers as it allows them to focus on key strategic issues based on the notion that an effective strategy fully utilises the strengths and opportunities of a business and strives to minimise the weaknesses and threats. One main strength of SAB is that it is a force to reckon with in the market of alcohol brewing. Its ability to merge with other brewers is a big advantage since it would only need to specialise on nurturing premium segments rather than launching a new brand altogether. Local people often prefer to have a product which they can happily identify with hence there would be need to streamline the production to meet such needs. A close analysis of the case study shows that this is one of the major strengths of SAB since it is able to merge with established breweries. Weaknesses include the fact that it mainly relied on soft currencies for its profit in different breweries across the globe. A loss of confidence in emerging markets would badly damage its reputation. In some instance as highlighted in the case, devaluation of the local currency in developing economies may have negative impacts such as the reduction of profitability. It can also be noted that there have been a shift in the behaviour of customers in the market where the emergence of wine as another

Magic of Reckless Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Magic of Reckless Policies - Essay Example In the last quarter of 2011, the GDP growth rate stood at 3 percent (BEA). In 2011, the GDP at current prices amounted to $15.094 billion or $13.315,1 at the 2005 prices (BEA). In 2010, the GDP at 2005 prices amounted to $13.088 billion. In 2011, it was the durable goods manufacturing that led the growth (BEA). Manufacturing value increased by 11.2 percent in 2010, and then again by 7.9 percent in 2011 (BEA). In comparison to durable goods, the services producing sector grew by 3 percent in 2010, and only 1.6 percent in 2011 (BEA). However, consumers suffered in 2012 from increased inflation and in turn decreased consumption of durables. An average person in the US benefitted from the positive GDP growth. In March of 2012, the real disposable personal income increased by 0.4 percent (BEA). The growth rate in the last quarter of 2011 was 1.7 percent (BEA). The cause of this decrease has been attributed to a rise in consumer prices in 2012 from 1.2 percent increase in 2011, to an addit ional 2.4 percent increase in 2012 (BEA). Real consumer spending, i.e. consumer spending adjusted for an increase in prices, increased 0.5 percent in February and then 0.1 percent in March (BEA). BEA attributes this decrease in the growth rate to a decrease in durable goods spending such as motor vehicles and parts (BEA). Since manufacturing of durables drove the GDP growth rates in 2010 and 2011, a decrease in demand led to a decrease in supply and thus GDP in March 2012. On the other hand, the US current account deficit increased by 2011. The current account deficit stood at $470.9 billion in 2010 and $473.4 billion in 2011 (BEA). The current account deficit in BEA National Economic Accounts is defined as: â€Å"the combined balances on trade in goods and services, income, and net unilateral current transfers.† The deficit amounted to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2010 and 3.1 percent in 2011. When dissected, the deficit on international trade in goods increased in 2011 to $738.3 b illion from $645.9 billion in 2010. However, there was a surplus on international trade in services, which increased to $178.3 billion in 2011, from $145.8 billion in 2010 (BEA). Income payments too were in surplus in 2011. Net financial inflows increased in 2011 from 2010. Whereas they amounted to $254.3 billion in 2010, they increased to $394.1 billion in 2011 (BEA). Unilateral transfers decreased in 2011. In February 2012, the deficit on international trade in goods and services amounted to $46 billion, which is a decrease from $52.5 billion in January 2012 (BEA). It is expected that the current deficit will decrease in 2012 if the trade deficit keeps on decreasing and other variables remain moving as in 2011. Unemployment rate decreased in 2012. In March 2012, the unemployment rate stood at 8.2 percent in comparison to 8.9 percent in 2011 (Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS]). When comparing to the start of the financial crisis in 2007, it can be seen that by 2010, unemployment rea ched it peek. In 2007, the unemployment rate stood at 4.6 percent. By 2010, the unemployment rate increased to 9.6 percent and has been decreasing since then (BLS). Unemployment has been decreasing in Ohio as well. In February 2012, the unemployment rate stood at 7.6 percent and then decreased by one percentage point by March 2012 (Johnson). In March of 2011, the unemployment rate stood at 8.8 percent (Johnson). Daily Treasury interest rates have decreased since 2011. The interest rate on a one month

SABMIller's Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SABMIller's - Case Study Example Some of these tools are explained in detail in the appendix given below. In view of the above assertion, it is significant to carry out a SWOT analysis of the above mentioned brewery in an attempt to establish if there is any correlation between its strategic position with its business strategy. â€Å"A SWOT analysis is a useful instrument for helping managers to identify internal strengths and weaknesses of a business and external opportunities and threats facing it,† (Strydom J. p 31). Basically, SWOT stands for strengths (S), weaknesses (W) while on the other hand the external environmental factors are regarded as either opportunities (O) or threats (T). This analysis is very important to managers as it allows them to focus on key strategic issues based on the notion that an effective strategy fully utilises the strengths and opportunities of a business and strives to minimise the weaknesses and threats. One main strength of SAB is that it is a force to reckon with in the market of alcohol brewing. Its ability to merge with other brewers is a big advantage since it would only need to specialise on nurturing premium segments rather than launching a new brand altogether. Local people often prefer to have a product which they can happily identify with hence there would be need to streamline the production to meet such needs. A close analysis of the case study shows that this is one of the major strengths of SAB since it is able to merge with established breweries. Weaknesses include the fact that it mainly relied on soft currencies for its profit in different breweries across the globe. A loss of confidence in emerging markets would badly damage its reputation. In some instance as highlighted in the case, devaluation of the local currency in developing economies may have negative impacts such as the reduction of profitability. It can also be noted that there have been a shift in the behaviour of customers in the market where the emergence of wine as another

Outsourcing or Exporting America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsourcing or Exporting America - Essay Example The continued heated debate on outsourcing’s pros and cons have affected one of the pillars of American journalism, a CNN host and anchor, Lou Dobbs, on his strong contention that America has been embarking on selling jobs to other countries at the detriment of the American people. In an article written by Dobbs entitled â€Å"Exporting America: false choices† published in the CNNMoney on the 10th of March 2004, he openly countered the criticisms allegedly directed at him by his colleagues in the media industry. Several known and prominent journalists and media men were revealed to attack Dobbs’ views on exporting American jobs: â€Å"Gerard Baker of the Financial Times, An editorial in the Economist magazine, Daniel Henninger of the Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post columnist James Glassman† (Dobbs pars. 1-4). The detractors argued that Dobbs views that â€Å"outsourcing American jobs is neither sound, smart, humane nor in the national interestâ⠂¬  were preposterous, absurd, extremely protectionist and highly sensationalist. In support of Dobbs arguments, the most viable and credible contentions were the information that acknowledged the continued reflection of trade deficits in the country for more than three decades, actually, starting in 1980 (Crooks). This fact, in conjunction with information provided by Torrance who reviewed the ill-effects of outsourcing, to wit: â€Å"income levels are frozen and cannot compete with inflation. Workers lose leverage to negotiate fair wage increases or promotion. Foreign employment policies, such as minimum wage, and working conditions differ. Businesses who are outsourcing can set a minimum wage in developing countries that would never be accepted as a minimum wage in America† (Torrance par. 6). At the same token, Davidson, a guest columnist for FinalCall.com News, wrote in an article entitled â€Å"The outsourcing of America’s jobs†, one year before Dobbs†™ article was published, that the controversial nature of outsourcing jobs has been eminent and his citing another written discourse revealed that: â€Å"In an article that appeared in the August 1, 2003 edition of the Kansas City Star, Shashank Bengali suggested that the goal of a growing number of American companies is to outsource customer-service work to India, as a result of India’s low wages, thriving high-tech sector and annual output of two million English-speaking college graduates. A study by Forrester Research, a technology consulting group, estimates that 3.3 million white-collar service jobs will be outsourced to places like China, Russia and the Philippines—but more than half will go to India† (Davidson par. 7). The U.S. Census Bureau has divulged statistics that reveal continued greater imports of the U.S. of Indian goods, as compared to exports of American goods, which could be traced consistently with the outsourcing data abovementioned (U.S. Census Bureau). More alarming are the statistics cited by Otterman in her discourse that indicates the following facts: â€Å"Boston-based consultancy Forrester estimates that 400,000 service jobs have been lost to offshoring since 2000, with jobs leaving at a rate of 12,000 to 15,000 per month†¦By 2015, Forrester predicts, roughly 3.3 million service jobs will have moved offshore, including 1.7 million "back office" jobs such as payroll processing and accounting, and 473,000 jobs in

French Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Revolution Essay The world has seen many revolutions in history. One of the biggest revolutions was the French Revolution because it came with many consequences and influences. Nothing else like this had ever happened this powerful to change the political status quo. Many people surprisingly don’t know how the French Revolution started but through this paper we will be learning more about it. Starting in 1789 through 1794 the people of France dethroned and arrested their king Louis XVI, took apart his monarchy, and executed him, his wife, and thousands of nobles. The French people then set up a new system of government on concepts of popular rule, personal liberty, and equal justice for all to replace their old leaders. This was a new start for France and would hopefully put them in the position they wanted to be in as a country. France was one of the biggest and most powerful countries in the world and had good monarchy, a large army and navy, and many foreign colonies and responsibilities. Much of this was very expensive to keep up, but not having it could end up becoming even worse. Paying for all these different things would be costly but this would not put them in their economic struggle. It would be their support in wars like â€Å"The Seven Year War† that caused them to borrow too much money to the point they could not pay back. Louis XVI would now take the thrown and try to help France in these horrible economic times. He came up with a plan to aid the Americans in their dependence from the British. He hoped this would get some influence in North America, but even though this was much help in the American victory France made no progress and went farther into debt. France was in big trouble and now had no national budget and little central financial planning. The French people were already overtaxed. Knowing the French was stuck in a hole and must find a way to get money Louis had to talk to his advisors. Many of King Louis financial advisors told him the only way to build up the France economy was to tax vast lands owned by the church and nobility, but the only way to tax them was to have a meeting with the Estates General. In 1788 Louis called a meeting with the Estates General and this would be a big part in setting the stage for the beginning of the French Revolution. The meeting would consist of representatives of each Estate. Even though the Third Estate made up 97% of the French population Louis would rely on the First and Second Estate to overrule the third. But things would soon turn for the worst for Louis, because the commoners (the third Estate) with a few of the members of the other estates disobeyed the king and named themselves the National Assembly. Their goal was to get all the all French citizens basic civil rights. They were willing to be very peaceful at the beginning, but Louis would not even come to an agreement with any of the Third Estate’s demands. Louis called a meeting between himself and the delegates of the three estates on June 23, 1789 three days after the Tennis Court Oath. There Louis told the delegates he would negotiate a number of reforms. The reforms Louis named had nothing to do with the demands of the Third Estate. The revolutionaries would not give up that easily and wanted Louis to know it. This made the king upset and now he would begin to use the army to force his will on the people. In late June Louis ordered four regiments of soldiers to advance on Paris and Versailles and soon after that ordered up several more. A large group of people went to Bastille to get ammo and gun powder and were met by a large number of troops where there was a big battle. This battle put the revolutionaries on top and Paris was pretty much theirs. Rumors went around that Louis was sending troops into the rural areas to handle the peasants, this became known as the â€Å"Great Fear†. When the troops did not come, the peasants went crazy and started to attack and sometimes burn the rich lord’s mansions. Doing this they also burned records of feudal obligations. Now the National Assembly had wanted to focus on getting a new constitution for France. The first draft was made August 27, 1789 named the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and showed to Louis on October 2, 1789. Louis said he would look over the draft but the revolutionaries needed to know how long it would take. They were worried that the king might be stalling to set up some attack. Inspired by the concern and mad about the latest lost in bread, part of the populace took action. On October 5th a large group of women went to Louis’s palace demanding he use his wealth to provide bread for hungry families and that he approve the declaration. When Louis’s wife, Marie Therese heard about the peasants not having any bread she then said â€Å"Let them eat cake† not even knowing that cake was a food that the rich ate because they could only afford it. This made the women very angry and was a very big part of the revolution. Fearing that the women would soon get violent he agreed to their demands. The women still didn’t trust Louis and made him and his family move to the old palace (Tuileries) in Paris so he could be watched. Later Louis and his family then tried to flee France when they were caught and sent back to Paris for Louis to stand trial. Leaders of the Assembly then realized that killing Louis would be best for all. So on January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was publically executed hoping that the French monarchy would soon end. This was the start of the revolution and would now hopefully let France start over. Louis was now gone and the people could now try to make their own decisions. This might not be the end of all their worries but they are now pointed in the right direction.

I Lost My fiancé, Best friend, and Soul-mate :: Personal Narrative Writing

I Lost My fiancà ©, Best friend, and Soul-mate Sometimes the worst bonds of confinement are the invisible ones. It is not always physical chains that keep one prisoner. The strongest force of imprisonment I have ever felt was not to another human or a concrete cell of any type, but to an emotion. One of the most powerful emotions God has given to us is Grief. Grief can entangle a human being in her suffocating web in an instant. Then she takes days, months, years, even decades to fully release her grip on the soul. Last April I began to feel the painful vise of Grief take hold of me like I never imagined. I have been grieving for a lost relationship for well over a year. Seventeen months ago I lost my fiancà ©, best friend, and soul-mate. We had been dating for three years. During this time we had been through some very challenging trials. The biggest one being his decision to join the United States Marine Corp. Over the course of his last deployment (which lasted 7 months) he was involved in some very intense training and covert missions. Upon his return he was a changed man. I no longer knew the cold, heartless, angry person who returned from the Middle East. The loving and caring man whom I desired to be my husband was nowhere to be found. His training in the Marines had stripped away all aspects of his personality. The only things left were the anger, rage and meanness that made him such an outstanding Marine to begin with. Somehow he had lost the power to turn these emotions on and off. The relationship had to be abandoned for my own safety. I experienced overwhelming feelings of sadness and loneliness. I had previously read about Grief, specifically, Elizabeth Kubler Ross and the five stages of grief associated with any type of loss. I can now tell you from experience that reading about denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance is far different from actually living through these extremely powerful emotions. I can honestly say I felt these stages full-throttle. It is much more than a proces s of gently gliding from one into the next. More like bouncing in between them and sometimes lingering in one feeling for an extended period of time.

Leakey, Richard :: essays research papers fc

Richard Leakey- Homo habilis Richard Leakey was born December 19, 1944 in Nairobi, Kenya. His parents were the esteemed anthropologists Louis and Mary Leakey. Richard first became a tour guide in Kenya, but changed his mind when he found an extinct human jaw. He then schooled himself by completing a two-year secondary education program in six months. From 1967-77 he and his co-workers dug up around 400 fossils, that accounted for 230 individuals. The most important discovery was an almost complete skull found in 1977, which Richard believe to be a new species called Homo habilis. Richard Leakey’s accomplishments are discovering the crania of Australopithecus boisei in 1969 with the archaeologist Glynn Isaac on the East shores of Lake Turkana, Homo habilis in 1972, and Homo erectus in1975. He was appointed administrative director in 1968 of the National Museum of Kenya, and in director 1974. Since 1989 he has been director of the Wildlife and Conservation Management Service, Ke nya. His publications include Origins in 1977 and The Making of Mankind in 1981, both with Roger Lewin. Australopithecus africanus inhabited the earth roughly 3 - 1.6 million years ago. The characteristic difference between the Ausrtalopithicus afarenis and africanus is the height and brain capacity. The height of the africanus is 1.4 m and the brain capacity is approximately 400 - 600 cc. Smaller incisor teeth and a slightly flatter face are also noted. The afarensis has a height of 1.2 m and a cranial capacity of 380 - 450 cc. Sticks, and stones were most likely used to gather food by the Australopithecus africanus. Homo habilis (also known as "handy man") is theorized to have lived with Australopithecus africanus. Homo habilis was known as â€Å"handy man† because he used primative stone tools. The flat face and large molars of the Homo habilis resemble the Australopithecus lineage. The brain size of the Homo habilis is about 700 cc which is larger than the Austr alopithecus). The "apelike" body structure with long arms and a small body was a characteristic of the Homo habilis. Recent discoveries, such as from Lake Turkana, of better-preserved fossils have revealed new insights on early Homo in the Plio-Pleistocene. Of this new habilis material, the most amazing is a nearly complete cranium discovered in 1972 at East Lake Turakana. This individual, with a cranial capacity if 775 cm3, is clearly outside the known range for Australopithecines and it overlaps the lower boundary for Homo.

Absolutism in 17th Century Europe

Absolutism in Europe changed the role of nobility completely in every country. For example, in France, nobles lost a lot of their power due to Louis XIV and his predecessors; also, in Eastern Europe, rulers such as Frederick William of Prussia changed the status of the nobility with his polices. In France, starting with Henry IV, the status of nobility started to fall when Henry started the idea of â€Å"nobles of the robe† in which middle class citizens could buy nobility from the king. This diluted the nobles, which weakened their power and hurt them considerably.Louis XIII and his son continued this and took more of their power away as well. Cardinal Richelieu started the intendant system, which recruited members of the middle class t watch the nobles and report back to the king. This took away power from the nobles to have less influence in the government of France. Continuing the intendant system, Louis XIV had also built the palace of Versailles and forced the nobles to move in. This caused the nobles to fight for the attention of the king and they focused less on the issues of France.Also, living in the palace of the king, one could always watch the nobles to make sure they weren't planning, for example, an uprising. In conclusion, French kings took steps to ensure absolute power and took away the power of the nobles. In Eastern Europe, however, the nobility was dealt with in a different way. For example, in Prussia, nobles gave power to Frederick William for a few reasons: one, to stop Swedish and Polish influence; second, to stop the invasion of Tartars from Russia.For this decision, nobles lost political power in Prussia, but in 1653, Frederick William gave them more power in something else, controlling serfs: he allowed a hereditary subjugation of the serfs in order to appease the Junkers, or noble class. While Frederick William was in power, he believed in a strong, standing army. He increased military spending through taxation, which was twi ce the amount of Louis XIV. He forced the Prussian nobility to pay the taxes by having soldiers act as tax collectors and policemen.This effectively decreased the power of the nobility by seizing power for the king. In conclusion, Frederick William took away power from the nobles, while also giving them power over other areas, such as serfdom. Absolutism in Europe differed from East to West. How the power of the nobles was affected depended on the king and the area of the country, such as Louis XIV of France or Frederick William of Prussia. Each king had their own ways of effectively limiting the political power of the nobles.

Cervical Cancer And Hpv Vaccination Health And Social Care Essay

Reappraisal of literature is an indispensable constituent of a worthwhile survey in any field of cognition. It helps the research worker to derive information on what has been done antecedently and to derive information on what has been done antecedently and to derive deeper penetration in to the research job. It besides helps to be after and carry on the survey in systematic mode. In this chapter, the research worker has presented the available research surveies and relevant literature from which the strength of the survey was drawn. 1. Surveies related to cervical malignant neoplastic disease 2. Surveies related to HPV inoculation.STUDIES RELATED TO CERVICAL CANCERMiocLee, C. ( 1999 ) conducted a qualitative survey with eight focal point groups ( figure of sample=102 ) by utilizing 11 inquiry derived from the wellness belief theoretical account. Focus group revealed that there was misinformation and a deficiency of cognition about cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The adult females at that place fore were confused about causative factors and preventative schemes related to cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The findings showed that major structured barriers were economic and clip factors. The chief psychological barriers were fear, denial confusion thought. Participants stated that medical advice and instruction would act upon them to undergo Pap trial. Recommendations were made to cut down certain barrier and to increase cognition and motive. Sheila, Twin. ( 2005 ) conducted a survey among Chinese adult females from a entire sample of 467 in order to place the cognition about cervical malignant neoplastic disease. Evident suggested that adult females knowledge about cervical malignant neoplastic disease and preventative schemes are important their showing patterns. The demand for farther cognition about the cervical showing and preventative step was demonstrated. HkoLiou, Xueminling. ( 2009 ) conducted transverse sectional descriptive design on responses action and wellness promoting behaviours among rural Chinese adult females with unnatural Pap trial. The consequence shows that about 14 % were diagnosed as precancerous and underwent farther intervention. 24 % of the adult females took no action during the 3 month after having the consequence. Equally many as 96 % were non cognizant about localised cervical malignant neoplastic disease. These analyzed consequences may turn out utile in developing intercession schemes to help adult females with positive Pap trial consequences to take intervention modes and adopted wellness behaviours.STUDIES RELATED TO HPV VACCINATIONKwan, T, et.al. ( 2007 ) conducted a transverse sectional community based survey to research Chinese adult females ‘s perceptual experience of human villoma virus inoculation and their purpose to be vaccinated. A sum of 1450 cultural Chinese adult females aged 18 and above who attended the wellness centres. The consequence shows about 38 % of participants ( n=527 ) had heard of HPV and approximately 50 % ( n=697 ) had heard of inoculation against cervical malignant neoplastic disease. 88 % of the participants ( n=1219 ) indicate that they would probably to be vaccinated. Majority of the participants believed that sexually experient adult females should be vaccinated ; while27 % opposed immunizing sexually naA?ve adult females. survey suggested that HPV infection was perceived to be stigmatising to adumbrate household and societal relationships, despite misconception and a grossy inadequate cognition about HPV and HPV inoculation, NubiaMunoz, et.al. ( 2007 ) conducted survey among 17, 622 adult females aged 15-26 old ages who were enrolled in one of two randomised, placebo-controlled, efficacy tests for the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccinum ( first patient on December 28, 2001, and surveies completed July 31, 2007 ) . Vaccine or placebo was given at twenty-four hours 1, month 2, and month 6. All adult females underwent cervico vaginal sampling and Pap proving at twenty-four hours 1 and every 6-12 months at that place after. A consequence shows that inoculation was up to 100 % effectual in cut downing the hazard of HPV16and 18 related top-quality cervical, vulvar, and vaginal lesions and of HPV 6 and 11-related genital warts. In the intention-to-treat group, inoculation besides statistically significantly reduced the hazard of any top-quality cervical lesions ( 19.0 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 1.43, rate placebo = 1.76, difference = 0.33, 95 % assurance interval [ CI ] = 0.13 to 0.54 ) , vulval and vaginal lesions ( 50.7 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 0.10, rate placebo = 0.20, difference = 0.10, 95 % CI = 0.04 to 0.16 ) , venereal warts ( 62.0 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 0.44, rate placebo = 1.17, difference = 0.72, 95 % CI = 0.58 to 0.87 ) , Pap abnormalcies ( 11.3 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 10.36, rate placebo = 11.68, difference = 1.32, 95 % CI = 0.74 to 1.90 ) . Decision of the survey is High-coverage HPV inoculation plans among striplings and immature adult females may ensue in a rapid decrease of venereal warts, cervical cytological abnormalcies. Infectious Disease Obstetric Gynecology diary. ( 2006 ) suggested that Vaccines which protect against infection with the types of human papillomavirus ( HPV ) normally associated with cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( HPV 16 and 18 ) and venereal warts ( HPV 6 and 11 ) are expected to go available in the close hereafter. Because HPV vaccinums are contraceptive, they must be administered prior to exposure to the virus, ideally during preadolescence or adolescence. The immature age of the mark inoculation population means that doctors, parents, and patients will all be involved in the decision-making procedure. Research has shown that parents and patients are more likely to accept a vaccinum if it is efficacious, safe, moderately priced, and recommended by a doctor. Widespread instruction of doctors, patients, and parents about the hazards and effects of HPV infection and the benefits of inoculation will be instrumental for furthering vaccine credence. Andrea Licht, S, et. Al. ( 2009 ) conducted survey on HPV inoculation. The purposes of this survey were to measure HPV inoculation rates and to analyze whether cognition and hazard perceptual experiences sing HPV were associated with the reported usage of the HPV vaccinum among female college pupils. A cross-sectional design was used among 406 adult females aged 18-26 old ages were recruited at two public universities and completed a self-administered study. Respondents who reported holding received at least one dosage of HPV vaccinum were classified as ‘vaccinated ‘ ( n=177, 43.6 % ) . Responses, stratified by the reception of HPV vaccinum, were compared utilizing descriptive statistics and multivariate theoretical accounts. Consequences based on multivariate logistic arrested development mold, 18-year-old adult females were about four times more likely to describe usage of the HPV vaccinum compared with respondents aged 19-26 old ages. Respondents who right indicated th at HPV caused venereal warts were 1.85 times more likely to hold received at least one HPV vaccinum. African American and Asiatic adult females were each less likely to be vaccinated compared with white adult females. Risk perceptual experience was non significantly associated with vaccinum consumption, nevertheless, the bulk of respondents failed accurately to acknowledge their high hazard of both geting and conveying HPV. These findings suggest cognition shortages and misperceptions about HPV hazard as possible subjects for educational runs promoting the greater usage of the preventative HPV vaccinum among this subgroup Allison Friedman, L. ( 2004 ) suggested that venereal human villoma virus ( HPV ) infection is the most common sexually familial virus in the united States, doing venereal warts, cervical cell abnormalcies, and cervical malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. To inform HPV instruction attempts, 35 focal point groups were conducted with members of the general populace, stratified by gender, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural location. Focus groups explored participants ‘ cognition, attitudes, and beliefs about HPV and a conjectural HPV vaccinum every bit good as their communicating penchants for HPV-related educational messages. Audience consciousness and cognition of HPV were low across all groups. This, along with an evident STD-associated stigma, served as barriers to participants ‘ conjectural credence of a future vaccinum. Although information about HPV ‘s high prevalence and nexus to cervical malignant neoplastic disease motivated participants to larn more about HPV, it besides produced audience fright and anxiousness. This research suggests that HPV- and HPV-vaccine-related instruction attempts must be approached with extreme Raley, JC. ( 2004 ) suggested that Human villoma virus ( HPV ) is the causative agent of cervical neoplasia and venereal warts. A vaccinum has late been developed that may forestall infection with HPV. Vaccination for HPV may go a everyday portion of office gynaecology. Researcher surveyed members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) to find their attitudes to HPV inoculation. A study was sent to Fellows of ACOG to measure gynaecologists ‘ attitudes. Vaccine acceptableness was analyzed by utilizing 13 scenarios with the undermentioned dimensions and several properties: age of patient ( 13, 17 and 22 old ages ) ; efficaciousness of vaccinum ( 50 % or 80 % ) ; ACOG recommendation ( yes or no ) ; and disease targeted ( cervical malignant neoplastic disease, warts or both ) . Each scenario was rated by agencies of an 11-point response format ( 0 to 100 ) . Responses were evaluated utilizing conjoint analysis. Consequences of 1200 studies that were sen t out, 181 were returned and included in our analysis. ACOG recommendation was considered the most of import variable in vaccinum distribution ( importance mark = 32.2 ) , followed by efficaciousness ( 24.5 ) , age ( 22.4 ) and, in conclusion, disease targeted ( 20.9 ) . Of these variables, higher efficaciousness was favored ; penchant was given to age 17 old ages, with a strong disinclination to immunize at age 13 old ages ; and protection against cervical malignant neoplastic disease, or venereal warts, or both. Demographic features of the gynaecologists ( i.e. , age of doctor, gender, and pattern scene and community size ) did non play an of import function in the determination to urge inoculation. Professional society recommendation is of import for acceptableness of a possible HPV vaccinum. Gynecologists are willing to include this vaccinum in their pattern. Chun Chao, et. Al ( 2007 ) conducted survey among 34,193 female who initiate HPV inoculation. The purpose of the survey was to analyze the rate and correlate the completion of HPV inoculation. The consequence shows that the completion rate was 41.9 % among age group between 9- to 17-year and 47.1 % in the 18- to 26-year. Black race – 95 % assurance interval and lower vicinity instruction degree were associated with lower regimen completion. A history of sexually transmitted diseases, unnatural Pap trial consequences, and immune-related conditions were non associated with HPV inoculation regimen completion. Caron, et. Al. ( 2008 ) conducted a cross sectional survey among college adult females, the survey reveals that cervical malignant neoplastic disease is chiefly caused by the human papillomavirus ( HPV ) and is the 2nd most common cause of cancer-related mortality among adult females. Aim: College adult females may be at hazard for undertaking HPV based on their sexual behaviour. An explorative analysis was conducted, following the release of the HPV vaccinum, Gardasil [ R ] , the am of the survey is to ( 1 ) determine consciousness of HPV and Gardasil [ R ] , ( 2 ) buttocks attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs about the HPV vaccinum, ( 3 ) place information beginnings that college adult females are accessing. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of college adult females ( n=293 ) enrolled in a Northeastern university voluntarily completed a self-administered questionnaire sing cognition, attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs about correlativities, and mated sample t-tests. Consequences: Sex ually active respondents would urge the HPV vaccinum to others and differ that HPV inoculation would promote hazardous sexual behaviour. Yet, â€Å" necessitate more information † is the prevailing ground respondents would non acquire the HPV vaccinum if it were offered for free. Discussion: Correlations are identified on how self-reported cognition influenced attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs sing the HPV vaccinum. These findings should help wellness pedagogues in developing incorporate public wellness instruction attempts for HPV inoculation that are targeted towards this at-risk population.

Foreign Currency Management Pdf

Foreign Currency Management Exchange Rate This is the rate at which the currency of one country would change hands with currency of another country. E. g. $1 = SLR 130 Types of Exchange Rate 1. Floating Rate This rate depends on a levels of the international trade of a country and it does not interfere with the government of that country. 2. Fixed Rate This is the rate that the government of the country would set its own currency rate and it is not depending on the market rate. 3. Dirty Float This is the rate that mixed between floating rate and fixed rate system.This is where the government would allow exchange rate to float between a particular two limits. If it goes outside either of the limit, then the government would take further action. Forex Dealings 1. Bid Price The price at which the currency is bought by the dealer. 2. Offer Price The price at which the currency is sold by the dealer. When regarding the forex dealings, Offer Price > Bid Price Example 01: David is a UK busi nessman. He needs $ 400,000 to buy US equipment. Identify the amount of ? equired to buy the Dollars? ($/? 1. 75 – 1. 77) Answer: The amount of ? required = $ 400,000 $/? 1. 75 = ? 228571. 43 Example 02: James is a US businessman. He has just received a payment of ? 150,000 from his main customer in UK. Identify the amount of $ received by James when ? 150,000 are given? (? /$ 0. 61 – 0. 63) Answer: The amount of $ received = ? 150,000 ? /$ 0. 63 = $ 238095. 24 Spot Rate and Forward Rate Spot Rate This is the rate which is applicable for the immediate delivery of currency as at now.Forward Rate This is a rate that set for the future transaction for a fixed amount of currency. The transaction would take place on the future date at this agreed rate by disregarding the market rate. Discounts & Premiums Discounts If the forward rate which is quoted cheaper, then it is set to be quoted at a discount. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 8500-1. 8800 and the one month forward rate a t 0. 0008-0. 0012 at a discount. When quoted at a discount, Answer: 1. 8500-1. 8800 their should be more Dollars + 0. 0008-0. 0012 being received at a given Pound. = 1. 508-1. 8812 So the discount factor have to be added to the spot rate. Premiums If the forward rate which is quoted more expensively, then it is set to be quoted at a premium. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 9000-1. 9300 and the one month forward rate at 0. 0010-0. 0007 at a premium. When quoted at a premium, Answer: their should be less Dollars being 1. 9000-1. 9300 received at a given Pound because – 0. 0010-0. 0007 of the expensiveness of Dollars. So = 1. 8990-1. 9293 the premium factor have to be deducted from the spot rate. Foreign Exchange Rate Risks . Transaction Risk This is the risk that adverse exchange rate movement occurring in the cause of normal international trading transaction. This arises when the prices of imports or exports are fixed in foreign currency terms and there is a movement in the excha nge rate between the date when the price is agreed and when the cash is paid or received. 2. Translation Risk This is the risk that the organization will made exchange losses when the accounting results of its foreign branches or subsidiaries translated into the local currency. . Economic Risk This is the risk that suppose to a effect of exchange rate movements on the international competitiveness of the company. 4. Direct & Indirect Currency Quotes Direct Quote: This means the exchange rate is mentioned in terms of the amount of domestic currency which needs to be given in returns for one unit of foreign currency. E. g. SLR 130 for $1 Indirect Quote: This means the amount of foreign currency units that needs to be given to obtain one unit of domestic currency. E. g. $ 1/130 for SLR 1 Example 01ABC Ltd is a US company, buying goods from Sri Lanka which cost SLR 200,000. These goods are resold in the US for $2000 at the time of the import purchased. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130. Calculate the expected profit of the resale in terms of US Dollars using both direct & indirect quote methods. Answer: 1. ) Under Direct Quote Method $/SLR = 1/126 – 1/130 = 0. 00794 – 0. 00769 Sales = $2000 (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000*$/SLR0. 00794 =($1588) Expected Profit = $412 2. ) Under Indirect Quote Method Sales (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000/SLR126/$ Expected Profit = $2000 =($1587) = $413Managing the Exchange Rate Risk 1. Invoicing in domestic currency Since the exporter does not have to do any currency transaction in this method, the risk of currency conversion is transferred to the importer or vice versa. 2. Money Market Hedging Because of the close relationship between forward exchange rate and the interest rate in two currencies, it is possible to calculate a forward rate by using the spot exchange rate and money market lending or borrowing which is called as a money market hedge. Feature article about  Production Management3.Entering into Forward Exchange Rate Contracts A person can enter into an agreement with a bank to purchase the foreign currency on the fixed date at a fixed rate. 4. Matching receipts & payments Under this method a company can set off its payments against its receipts in that particular currency. 5. Options These are similar to forward trade agreements, but the consumer can choose between the bank’s rate and the market rate. Example 01 A Sri Lankan company has to settle $800,000 after three months time. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130.The foreign currency depositing interest rate is 12%per annum and the borrowing rate in Sri Lanka is 8% per annum. The agreed exchange rate with the bank is $1 = SLR128. The company has identified to overcome the exchange rate under Money Market Hedging & Forward Exchange Rate Contract methods. Identify the cheapest method to overcome the exchange rate risk. Answer: 1. ) Using Money Market Hedging Method FV = PV* (1+r)n PV = $800,000* (1+ 0. 03)-1 PV = $776,699 r = 0. 12*3/12 r = 0. 03 n=1 Purchase Cost(SLR) = $776,699*SLR130/$1 = SLR 100,970,870 Interest Cost(SLR) = SLR 100,970,870*0. 8*3/12 = SLR 2,019,417 Total Cost(SLR) = SLR(100,970,870+2,019,417) = SLR 102,990,287 2. ) Using Forward Exchange Rate Contract Method Total Cost (SLR) = $ 800,000*SLR128/$1 = $102,400,000 The best method is forward Exchange Rate Contract Method, because it gives the lowest total cost when compare to Money Market Hedging Method. Reasons for Short Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Investment Flows If a country does more investment to outside countries, then there would be a higher demand for foreign currency. Therefore the domestic will depreciated or vice versa. 2.Trade Flows In a given time if a country has more imports and less exports, the domestic currency will depreciated, because of the higher demand for the foreign currency or vice versa. 3. Economic Prospectus If a country has g ood economic policies and is showing shines of economic growth, it could receive more investment and therefore the domestic currency would appreciated. Reasons for Long Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Purchasing Power Parity Theory This theory describes how the differences in inflation rate among two countries would lead to changes in the exchange rates.Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Inflation Rate of A) (1 +Inflation Rate of B) 2. Interest Rate Parity Theory This theory links the future currency rates with differences in interest rate among two countries. Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Interest Rate of A) (1 +Interest Rate of B) 3. Monetarist Theory This theory identifies the relationship between exchange rate and the government money supply to an economy of one country. E. g. When the government released more money to their economy, individual would have more money.So they would purchased more, the demand will increased & through that result in higher prices & high inflation. This would lead to a high level of depreciation to the currency. 4. Keynesian Approach This theory says that an exchange rate may not change in a balance and sometimes currency may continuously appreciate or depreciate without reverse. E. g. There is a high taste & demand for imported product in one country while their exports are losing its export position in other countries. Therefore, without any appreciation of currency will continuously depreciate over a long time period in that country.